Tafsir History

Tafsir history

Indeed, during the life of Rasulullah S.A.W
Needs of the Qur'an Tafsir
not felt so, because when the friends do not understand something or less verses of the Holy Qur'an, they can directly ask the Messenger of Allah. After he died, especially after the Islamic religious wings extend out Arab peninsula and entering the areas berkebudayaan long time, there were persinggungan between the Islamic religion that is still in the form of simplicity on the one hand, with a culture that had a long experience, the development of the power and fortitude in fighting the other party.
So, tampillah kepermukaan some friends and tabi'in presume to interpret the verses of the Qur'an which are general and global, according to the field boundaries berijtihat for Muslims.
Tafsir Al Qur'an developed following the rhythm of time and meet human needs in a generation. Each period and the generation of Tafsir Tafsir al-Qur'an according to the needs and purposes with the generation that does not deviate from the provisions of Islam itself. Decompose in the development of the scriptures and science tafsir tafsir can be divided into 3 periods: 1. Mutaqaddimin period, 2. Mutaakhirin period, 3. New Period.
1st Period Mutaqaddimin (the Companions, tabi'in, tabi'it)
Al Qur'anul generous derived in arab language, so in general people can understand the arab and understand it easily. The friends are the people who know and understand the verses of the Qur'an. But the friends that have their own levels that vary among the causes of the discrepancies in levels is:
a. Even if the friends are arab and arab speaking, but the knowledge of the language arab different, as different knowledge of the literature about the arab, arab-style language, customs and literature arab jahiliyah, words that are in Al Qur'an, and so forth, so that levels nereka in understanding the verses of the Koran is different also.
b. There are friends who often accompany the Prophet, and many know the causes are the verses of the Holy Qur'an was revealed, and some are rarely accompanies him. While knowledge about asbab an nuzul is necessary in the commentary.
c. Differences in the levels of knowledge about customs, words and deeds of of Ignorance. The friends who know the Hajj in the jahiliyah akan better understand the verses of the Qur'an related to the Hajj in the appeal to the friends who know less.
d. Differences in the level of knowledge by the Jews and Christians in the Arab peninsula, at the time a verse of the Holy Qur'an was revealed. For a verse is revealed there is related to the denial or refutation of the deeds of the Jews and the Christians, will better understand the verses, compared with the do not know.
- Expert commentary on this period
At the time of caliph some famous interpreter of the Qur'an are considered including the fourth khulafaur rasidin own, namely Abu bakar ash Shiddiq, Umar bin Khathab, Utsman bin Affan and Ali bin Abi Talib. Friends who take the most of it is history: Ali bin Abi Talib, Abdullah bin Abbas, Abdullah bin Mas'u and Ubbay bin Ta'ab. That take less of it is history: Tsabit bin Zaid, Abu Musa al Asy'ary, Abdullah bin Al-Zubair and friends the other.
The tabi'in who narrate many of Ibn Abbas who is famous Mujahid, 'Arha' bin Rabbah, 'Ikrinah and Sa'id bin Jubair, all students are Ibn Abbas himself.
Mujahid is the person who gets the trust from the hadith experts. Syafi'ie the imam, Bukhari and priests who take a lot of others on it. In addition there are also people who mengkritiknya because experts often deal with the book, but the critics did not reduce his value.
Similarly as' Atha 'bin Rabbah and Sa'id bin Jubair. The 'Ikrimah many people take the history of it. He comes from the barbarian tribes in North Africa, and former slave of Ibn Abbas and then after he merdekakan in, directly act on beliau.Terkadang Ibn Abbas also take a history from the 'Ikrimah.
Among the many tabi'in who narrate from Abdullah bin Mas'ud bin Masruq is Ajda ', a trust for the zuhud, the descendants of Arab children of Han and then Qatadah bin Di'aamah, an Arab who dwells in Basra. Qatadah just some expert commentary objections he received a history related dengaan Qadha and Qadar.
At this period not found Scripture commentary, except the Book commentary written by the last of them, namely those who find the tabi'in, tabi'it. As Mujahid (w. year 104 H) and others. The author's famous commentary on the period that is Al Waqidi (w. 207 H), after that Ibn Jarier Athtbary (w. 310 H). Tafsir Ibn Jarier commentary mutaqaddimin is the most large and to the generation of now, his name is Jaami'ul Bayaan. The interpreter who then come and take a lot of quoted material from Tafsir Ibn Jarier this.
2. Mutaakhirin period (4 th century - 12 H)
Expert commentary not only cite the history of the Companions, tabi'in and tabi'it tabi'in course, but has started to work, investigate, examine and compare what has been done by those who advance them.
Not only to such course, even the commentator has interpreted the language in terms of style, beauty of language, grammar, in addition to process and interpret the verses of the Koran in accordance with the knowledge that they have. Because the books are a commentary and be reviewed from a variety of terms, namely:
a. Group to review and interpret the Qur'an in terms of style and beauty of language to language. Az is the sort Zamakhsyari in tafsirnya Al Kasysyaaf, followed by Baidhawy.
b. Golangan who review and interpret the Qur'an in terms of grammar, sometimes using poetic lyric-Arab mengkokohkan for their opinions, seprti Az Zajjad in tafsirnya Ma'aamil Qur'an: Al Waahadi in tafsirnya: Al Basith: Abu Muhammad Hayyam bin Yussuf al Andalusi in tafsirnya: Al Bahrul Muhith.
c. The drip of beratkan discussion in terms of stories and the stories of including news and stories that came from the Jews and Christians, and even peanut-off comes from the heretic who want to destroy Islam. In a commentary such as this is necessary research and review by the Muslims themselves. Interpret the above characteristics is Ats Tsa'labi, then 'Alaaudin bin Muhammad al Baghdadi (w. 741 H): Tafsir al Khaazin also included in this group.
d. The interpretation of the verses related to the law: the laws set fiqih. Interpretation that this was done by al Qurthuby with tafsirnya: Jami 'Ahkaamul Qur'an: Ibnul Araby with tafsirnya: Ahkaamul Qur'an, Hasan Khan Shiddiq with tafsirnya: Nailul Maram.
e. Group who interprets verses of the Qur'an related to the nature of God. Verses that seemingly contrary to the nature and height of God's holiness. Then, with the interpretation that the teranglah verses that indeed it is not the opposite. Famous exponent of the verses above is the Imam Ar Razy (w. 610 H) with tafsirnya: Mafa'tihul supernatural.
f. The drip of beratkan penafsirannya to hint hint Al-Quran-related science and mysticism tashawwuf, such as commentary: At Tashuri, the order of Abu Muhammad Sahl bin Abdullah al Tashuri.
g. The only talk about the Koran lafadh the gharib (a word rarely used in day-to-day), as the book Mu'jam Gharibi Qur'an, Muhammad Fuad Abdul piece Baaqi from shaheh Bukhari.
3. New Period
This period can be said began in late 19th century until now, terkenallah the modernization of Islam in Egypt by Islamic figures. For example Jamaluddin al Afgani sheik and his disciple Muhammad Abduh. In Pakistan and in India by Ahmad Khan dipelopori.
Modernization is a movement not only in Egypt and Pakistan, but also has been spreading in Indonesia, the HOS dipelopori by Cokroaminoto with Syarikat Islamnya, and KH. Ahmad Dahlan with Muhammadiyah and KH. Hasyim Asy'ary popular with Jam'iyah Nahdlatul Ulama (NU).
Moder commentary follows the struggle of the mind and the way Muslims sebelunya, as well as the Tafsir al Manar Said Rasyid vditulis Ridha, commentary Mahaasinut ta'wil order sheik Jamaluddin al Qatimi, commentary Thanthawi expert commentary and the other the appropriate development of the age.

*) Maharruddin single count: Mahaiswa the Tafsir Hadits 03 '
and vice chairman of Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan TH