Develop Through Precision Journalism "Polling"
Saturation is often the journalist or editor. They suddenly feel after running out of preposterous things proclaim it continuously and repeatedly. To stave saturation such research, survey, or poll is an alternative which is very helpful. Internal situation redaction diperberat again by the very limited space for the press in Indonesia at this time. Basically, if the consideration is for the satisfaction of the community of readers, then a way for the press at this time India is enriched with performance jurnalistiknya polls.
With surveys, develop public opinion is to be more factual. But, the question is whether to be in the public opinion and have no meaning? Indeed, public opinion is the result of traffic information from person to person and from group to group. The role of polling is the general opinion to the mass media. With the opinion so it becomes open to approved or rejected. Approved with conditions, was rejected with the requirement. There lie the point of a controversial opinion polls.
Indirectly, N Dedy Hidayat of Indonesia stated that the current public opinion does not have any role as well, even so may not have. Because when we look at news in the newspaper, the more the issues of the controversial, the more the press is made by the opinion elite. So, Dedi said, what is claimed as public opinion is often the product is just not the elite discourse and public discourse. This happens because, among other things, the mass media as an arena for different versions of the definition of social reality tend to be more selective in providing access to the leaders of the elite only.
However, irrespective of means or not public opinion, all the panel will need to agree and the importance of surveys carried out for journalistic work. From this experience, for the press, which is the actual problem is not a matter of need or not to conduct surveys, but the issue of what is right to the polling-kan. This is a problem, according to Ashadi Siregar, more institutions because of the press during this week-so the monthly power. Whatever the facts of the press in the social pressure will always get, either from the community all the more and more authority.
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The problem in the world of journalism whether Indonesia could conduct surveys of the press? Restrictions on it in the Director General Circular Letter No ppg. 03/SE/1991. Circular Letters which are based on the recommendation of the Council of the Press, in principle, allow the polls by the mass media with the requirements must be supported by institutions of professional researchers who have the scientific credibility that can be.
Not prohibited, but not the green light to conduct surveys. "Rules that can only be felt, no way can be read only," said Riswanda Imawan. "... and to feel a need to be imprisoned first in Yogya," sambungnya leg. But that, sambungnya, although the rule is pitched mengimbau, but actually prohibits. If so how is the case with the mass media that the device has adequate professional and have the academic credibility? Can the mass media is doing its own polling?
From this experience, according to Mindra Faizal Iskandar, conduct surveys and polls proclaim the results are two different things. Conducting a poll reveals the ideas from the start, preparing the proposal, research instruments, field data collection, data analysis, to penyimpulan practical congruent with a social science research in general. But when a job after the polling was conducted, then the second stage, immediately the other one, that is writing reports on the surveys to be. In the first phase, polling workers should be subject to the rule-rule scientific, while the second stage, the author surveys must comply with the rule-principle journalism.
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POLLING new journalism means that when the facts of social progress and scientific information to be packed. However, the extent to which factual truth that is found in the surveys may be made by the press? Moreover, the press in Indonesia, which is always a threat from a variety of license-up, screening reporters, telling the control of, or pressure through professional organizations that are a part of the corporate powers of the state?
To support the quality of public opinion that will be sought through surveys, researchers should always examine the validity metodologis carefully, cautiously, and awake. For, even validity methodology is far more important than the results of surveys. However, validity is a methodological issue when conducting surveys. Meanwhile, when the results of a poll made through mass media, that not be a problem kerapkali validity aspects of the methodology, but the color in which the general findings of these surveys. Throughout the color does not hurt anyone as well, then all the world nod-nod.
But when the results of surveys that color berkonotasi harm or attack the interests of certain parties, the polls must be researchers prepare for a variety of comments and even scorn, from the polls until the polls crap hogwash. And weapons which are used to degrade the polls is a methodological aspects of validity, even when the pengritik that is indeed the general public in the field of methodology.
Communication constraints are the results of surveys, RH Siregar, as a result of the reality of cultural plurality and the Indonesian people who can not fully accept that the substance produced by the polls. News certainly can not be released from the provisions of ethics apply to the Indonesian journalist. One of the principles of ethics that says that not all facts, events and information suitable for broadcast, especially those considered to be dangerous to the safety and security of the country, unity and nation, offend religious belief or a group of protected Act, as RH Siregar.
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Presents the news in more claims are true professional journalism. Coverage of the press or mass media does not necessarily only with just enough to reveal the facts as seen by reporters, who heard from persons of known and / or through interviews. More than that the press should also reveal the truth, so Atmakusumah Astraatmadja.
And to reveal the truth in that, according to the Atma, the pattern of work should be improved methods of investigation of coverage by using conventional techniques menyidik, examine, and investigate the facts to the precision journalism (journalism Precision). News coverage of a method using the methods of quantitative social science research in which events, characteristics, behavior, or attitudes changed to numbers to be analyzed and that the conduct surveys, polls, and content analysis. Development and improvement of journalistic paradigm of conventional journalism into journalism paradigm precision, according to the Atma and Enceng E. Shobirin Nadj, mainly aims to improve the dignity of coverage. Do not for a year in tens of journalistic interviews only on-course interviews, Atma firm.
Historical surveys of the press in Indonesia is running very slow. During the Dutch colonial everything about the community is always decided according to the power of the ruler alone. When Indonesia gained its independence, both in the Old Order era and the beginning of the New Order was the situation not change much even with a different reason. Until the mid-1980s, many public opinion through various actions appear demonstration. The situation began to change along with the start menyurutnya trust of the people as a demonstration of the way the pendulum mechanism.
Polls at this time as a way of precision journalism in Indonesia get the place. All participants acknowledge that the discussion is the cost of polling is expensive, so not all the media can do. Not socio-political constraints, as has been described above.
Journalism precision with its polling is expected to break in stagnation in conventional journalism in Indonesia. Although still only have to realize that in choosing to issue in-kan-polling, polling researchers must still consider the criteria of three (3) secure the following: secure from threat dicabutnya SIUPP, safe from the threat dimusuhi by political elite / bureaucratic, and safe from the threat didemonstrasi by certain groups of people, so Mindra.
Of course, Atmakusumah worried to see the quality decline, saying: Isn'T precision journalism, journalism as conventional comprehensive reports are here already start missing. Discussion all participants agreed the importance of polls by the press which can be used as one way to find the news while cultivate precision journalism.
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"Polling" Bridges Towards Democracy?
POLLING or poll, nearly has not got a place in the social-political system of Indonesia. In fact, more in line with the strong flow of democratization, surveys can be one of the important factors for tegaknya democracy in this country. To underscore the importance of the role of polls, both as a form of journalism is working precision (Precision journalism) as well as the empowerment efforts of public, Daily Kompas Panel Discussion organized on 12 November 1996. In a panel discussion that is guided Daniel Dhakidae (Litbang Kompas) is N Dedy Hidayat (UI), Iwan Gardono (UI), Riswanda Imawan (UGM), Ashadi Siregar (UGM), Sutjipto Wirosardjono (former Deputy Head of BPS), Atmakusumah Sastraatmadja ( Dr. Soetomo Press Institute), Enceng Shobirin Nadj (LP3ES), RH Siregar (Dewan Pers), John Supranto (BPS), and Mindra Faizaliskandiar and Ikana Mardiastuti (Litbang Kompas). Meanwhile, Prof. Dr. HA Muis (UNHAS), delivered the opinion in writing.
The discussion presented in the four words that are developed by staff Litbang Kompas, Octovianus Mote and Bambang Setiawan. One load on any posts MAIN page and three pages on any posts POLITICAL ONE substantial question that appears when a poll is held: whether there is public opinion (public opinion) in the community? If public opinion is not considered important, surveys do not have practical meaning whatsoever. Polling public opinion or the collection, in addition to working to strengthen information journalism is seen by the panel discussion participants have very close connection with the issue of democracy. Polling can improve the quality of life for democracy, and to give donations on the democratic political mechanisms, for ensuring information flow from bottom to top. It also functions as a means of control of the existing political mechanisms. Surveys, according to the views Riswanda Imawan, it is necessary to create mechanisms remain responsive to the political development of the thoughts that occur in the community.
Although in the beginning of its development in the United States is one of the surveys of social research that is used for market research purposes and exploring opportunities for presidential candidates, but then developed a method for mengartikulasikan perception or political aspirations of the people. Therefore, according to Enceng Sobirin, surveys can be a tool or a means to refine or improve the quality of life for democracy. And democracy, according to Hidayat Dedy N, can not is not a system that put the public opinion as the input and feedback process for all policy concerning the public interest. Ashadi Siregar present, the existence of the poll is related to the two conditions. First, whether the political system is able to force the politicians hear audience.
That is, the meaning of a poll is indeed determined by the presence of politicians, both inside and outside the bureaucracy. If they need a real picture of public attitudes and orientation of a controversial case, the poll is the most practical. Second, considering the public opinion is based primarily on the issues that are controversial or a situation pro-contra, and through surveys, public vote to be termanifestasikan. Therefore, the fundamental issue is whether the pro-contra situation diekspos the polls can be received through the community. In the fascist and communist countries, Ashadi said, the process detects a problem with the run through the social channel Undercover by the secret police. In countries like this, public opinion is usually not considered at all. Efforts to improve public memanifestasikan akan labeled as a subversive action.
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POLLING seen as one way for the public to express opinions that have different opinions from the public raised through other channels, such as elections. With a very pro-variations topics that can be extracted and appointed, to a polling mode of the distribution-hood political community which is very rich.
Riswanda even holds, if the election is described as an effort to encompass the aspirations of the people, the polling system can help with how to deliver the aspirations that can improve or enhance the performance of a political regime, without having to wait for the next election. Polling also have pro-Demonstration with a different taste or performance. Other advantages of a polling, according to Iwan Gardono, anonimitasnya nature, which respondents can give opinions directly, freely, and without a secret identity is known by those who votes.
Nature of surveys that provide the same rights to all people to assess and be making a poll can be regarded as a representation of the 'opinion KHA-worthy', or mini-referendum according to the terms Iwan. Surveys in each individual has the same position when they were selected as respondents, so that the aggregate socio-economic status became important not because they are treated anonymously. In polling the right to give the answer 'ti-dak' delivered by an official, politicians, community leaders or have the same weight with the answer 'no' that was delivered by five feet traders, private employees, students or even unemployment. Therefore, the polling organization was considered a positive step by Dedy, namely as a means of public opinion on the status of equal diskursus elite men in the process-defined a social reality.
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Effective control of the political system depends on the laws and political actors who supervised. Keberada's political system to make certain polling often lost their role. Iwan give an example that the polls are usually very influential akan election system if the member is a direct legislative (district system or proportional system free list) or the parliamentary system. Similarly, if the selection of the executive (president, governor, regent) made directly by residents. In this system, surveys can improve or threaten the credibility of leaders, so they are forced to be more res-ponsif results of the polls.
In Indonesia, the election is to choose a picture or sign orsospol. Orsospol this is, select and assign representatives to sit on the institutions' representatives. Legislative members thus more bound by the partainya. In this system, the authority of the community to "force" or rate the House of Representatives members, dika-takan can not live, so difficult to expect people their responsibility.
Against the political system such as this, there are some views that appear. According to RH Siregar, thus making this poll to become increasingly important. On the one hand, because the institutions of the people work less, and on the other side because the public demands derasnya akan scrutiny. Things to make pol-ling ignored, according to Iwan thought, public opinion is often regarded as the opinion of the abstract is not so scary for the government. And from the coverage, publication of polls are often technically not "threatening" and rarely the "headlines" than the opinions of public figures. Similarly, the publication of polls, often limited to only one newspaper. Now this does not have a syndicated newspaper even involve many other media (TV and radio) for loading the polls. This has caused public opinion from the figure as opinion maker or builder opinion cited by almost all media to be more influential.
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Effectiveness is a polling-based sebe Rapa by far the freedom of opinion guaranteed issue. Not only the freedom of the respondents in answering questions Pollster (the collector), but the freedom to choose a topic, conduct the collection, and menam-pilkannya in mass media. Da-lam development in Indonesia, the polling results are often a way of information and public opinion which is very well be gazed at by the government and society.
For example, among other surveys by PT Suburi (1972), and surveys of sexual behavior by a senior high school students in Yogyakarta (1983), the case "gathered kebo" expressed through the survey by the group discussion Dasakung in Yogyakarta (1984), all of which illustrate that the position Pollster is in good pressure from the authorities and society. According to RH Siregar, cultural plurality and the community can not fully accept the substance of the resulting poll. For people in the compound, a behavior that received a specific group of people will not necessarily be accepted by other people. In addition to socio-cultural background is different, level of education of our society are not the same. For the community which is very complex, the results of surveys can cause shock, especially if the surveys concerning sensitive issues such as related to SARA, habits or customs of a society.
Approach to security (security approach) done by the government against the press also does not make the polls free, both topics that will be taken and implementation is often considered to be the implementing agencies to create surveys should be to re-think. In fact, according to Abdul Muis, the legal system reinforces the press has been the introduction of a security approach to the results of polling for the news.
In situations are still not free and surveys conducted to further strengthen the control of methodology polls in Indonesia, may be re-thought what digagaskan in this panel discussion, namely the need for cooperation antarlembaga professional organizers surveys, may be tangible such APPUI (General Association of Food Research Australia).
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Saturday, August 1, 2009
The precision Journalism?
The precision Journalism?
The precise language comes from the word meaning Precision accuracy, accuracy. The simple, precision journalism reportase is a model that uses quantitative methods of social research. That is, the issues, behavior and characteristics of the community, didekati using the method, converted in the numbers, and then analyzed with the conduct of polls, surveys, and content analysis (content analysis).
Journalism precision with the procedures of social research
Between precision journalism research have any similarity with the same review and study the human and social phenomena. Before using precision journalism we must understand the correct methods of social research. Because the "research question" who will be responsible journalism in precision must also be clearly based on empirical data and a strong jjelas not based on rumor, opinion, or buzz.
History of the emergence of precision journalism
Polling born dimedia is the first time in the push by the desire and needs of the media itself to provide a precision on the news readers. Eg, only report the results of the election results do not only rely on observation, interviews with voters, but must be in a sertai research. The concept of the research is not only done dalm social research but also in another topic and a different issue.
When indeed the concept of precision journalism appear? As a regular draft, precision journalism began in the 1970s, but in the United States, precision journalism was practiced 64 years ago. In the year 1935, Fortune Magazine has been publishing results of polls, the polls be trusted as the first made by a media organization. Themes that they lift the usual time-indifferent, for example, about what kind of American cigarettes is actually consumed by many Americans, and the types of cars such as the fact that what many people sought by the United States. Initially, the method used by the United States media is very simple. New in 1960 occurred perubahanpesubahan large --- more than one third of all American mass media to use this method - because the computer was able to conduct applied research so that data processing becomes easier.
Research in the United States mass media-which is the milestone milestone jumalisme precision is research done by the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1973, they designed a large study using 100,000 pieces of court records and files the treatment of prisoners in prison and found that differences in background social and ethnic appeared to affect their treatment in prison. In the same year began the paper published the book titled Philip Meyer: Precision Joumalism, A Reporter's Introduction to Social Research Methods (Indiana University Press, Bloomington). Until this book even now is still a standard reference manual for the precision journalism --- load because a good conceptual discussion about the use of this method. Meyer actually tend to use this method: the application of social science to the practice of journalism. But Everette E. Dennis, director of C) annett Center for Media Studies, Meyer suggested to call this with: Precision journalism. Since that time the name is commonly used.
In the United States, precision journalism was practiced 64 years ago. In the year 1935, Fortune Magazine has been publishing results of polls, the polls be trusted as the first made by a media organization. Themes that they lift the usual time-indifferent, for example, about what kind of American cigarettes is actually consumed by many Americans, and the types of cars such as the fact that what many people sought by the United States. Initially, the method used by the United States media is very simple. New in 1960 occurred perubahanpesubahan large --- more than one third of all American mass media to use this method - because the computer was able to conduct applied research so that data processing becomes easier.
Research in the United States mass media-which is the milestone milestone jumalisme precision is research done by the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1973, they designed a large study using 100,000 pieces of court records and files the treatment of prisoners in prison and found that differences in background social and ethnic appeared to affect their treatment in prison. In the same year began the paper published the book titled Philip Meyer: Precision Joumalism, A Reporter's Introduction to Social Research Methods (Indiana University Press, Bloomington). Until this book even now is still a standard reference manual for the precision journalism --- load because a good conceptual discussion about the use of this method. Meyer actually tend to use this method: the application of social science to the practice of journalism. But Everette E. Dennis, director of C) annett Center for Media Studies, Meyer suggested to call this with: Precision journalism. Since that time the name is commonly used.
There are some important point about the development of precision journalism in indonesia
First, the emergence of private institutions in the current of indonesia is still very new, so not one dasarwarsa implementation of surveys / polls for the institutions that are considered as msih test cobaftes / learning opportunities
Second, because it is still seen as an opportunity to learn this is only a few institutions only poll that the media truly capable in the sense that the research methodology in implementing the correct opinions Rock.
Third, there is no indonesia in the polls that the institution conducting the research with the sample all the people indonesia. In addition to limited funds the design of the sampling frame is not longer supported in the community culture that is closed and can not discuss in open-choice pilihanya. Guarantee the confidentiality of the institution pendapatpun Rock still does not catch.
Journalism precision at this time is expected able to stave necrosis conventional journalism, which only rely reportase through observation and interviews. Journalism precision is expected to bring fresh wind in reportase techniques that have been adfa used in conventional journalism
Object precision journalism
Objects in precision journalism is all the symptoms of the actual social and involve many people, whether visible or not visible. Eg symptoms such as cases of pillage social, poverty, abortion, adolescent mischief and so forth
Characteristics of precision journalism
Journalism is not the precision of the peak in the world of journalism that will replace all of the methods of journalism ever. He was only just complete. He was only appointed in a different way of approach to the world. There is no method of journalism that is higher than the other. In fact, methods such as journalism is what we will use in writing the news is very much dependent of the purpose of what we are tired of writing news. For example, we will aim to write and to disassemble the case of Bank Bali smuggling or plywood in the Tanjung Priok port, then we must use the method investigatif journalism. If we only aim to report an event or seminar international road vote in a village A, for example, we simply use the normal method of conventional journalism. But if we want to know the attitude of people in a population of a particular government policy-for example, with quantitative data -, then we can use the polls.
Model approach to conventional journalism:
Reality ---> Individuals ---> Description Verbal ---> symbolic meaning / Qualitative ---> Social Facts
Model approach to precision journalism
Reality -> Groups -> Description --- Statistics> Statistics-quantitative meaning ---> Social Facts
. The difference between precision jumalisme with social research is usually on the end product. News is a result of the end of the precision journalism. Meanwhile, a book or research report is the result of the end of the normal social research. That is, precision jumalisme made to meet the needs of the wider public. In the process of working pliing have two phases, the first phase of research workers at the polls must comply with the rule-rule scientific, but at the second stage of the poll workers should be subject to the rule-principle journalism. So the results should be written akhirpun model-adjusted and simple language that is clear-that is easier to understand.
Methods in precision journalism
There are three methods in use in precision journalism, namely: Content analysis, survey researh (surveys / polls), Field experiment (field research).
Content analysis method using the documents, records, recordings, or other important files as material analysis. An example of this method is done by the Charloote Observer manganalisa data keumgan election campaign and found a strong correlation between the legislative members of the select and fund a campaign contributor. While the survey method researh using human / community as the analysis. As an example of this method miaslnya poll conducted by LP3ES to analyze trends in public indonesia choose Islamic parties in the election of 1999 blackmail or litbag the poll conducted for the community response on the phone or device and the increase rate of fuel price. Method of Third Field experiment (field research) in this method the researchers conducted research by visiting the places in which akan carefully. Eg, Reader's Digest magazine in 1939 conducted research with the hammering of repairing the clock, radio, and electronic equipment in other important cities in the U.S. and find the fact that more than 50% of the repair has been making the wrong diagnosis. This method is less popular in both conducted indonesia and overseas.
From the three methods mentioned above only the second method of survey research is often in use in precision journalism. This is because in sebabkan access to public documents that the institution in indonesia is very difficult so penilitaian who rely on the completeness of the documents is not possible. Therefore the discussion in this guidance material on methods that emphasize on both the survey research / polling.
Phase-phase polls
The initial stage of all activities is to create a framework of reference / reference framework and the stages in this use as a basis for implementation of activities. Aada several phases that need to be doing in the polls:
• Defining the purpose of polling
Critical issues in the polls is formulated with a precise goal that we biat polls. A goal that we apply this in the end will determine all the instruments in use surveys: The target population, type of informant, the interview and the interview method. Objectives must be formulated before polling polling is done.
• Determine the population surveys
Population surveys in tentrukan by topic and purpose of the surveys will be made. For example we want to know how mastarakat with the implementation of the election, the pupulasi relevant constituency election adfalah
• Determine sampling technique
Sampling techniques to be used at specified polling done before. Better if in a sample framework in order to more easily determine the sample.
Table to make it easier to create a sample frame
• Determine the type of information
In determining the type of informants we must plan the exact types of questions. Are we to measure the attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, or behavior. For example we want to measure the behavior of abortion, then we must focus pertayaan around abortion behavior.
• Determine the time the interview
Design surveys also mempertimangkan whether polls should be made for all the time (cross-sectional survey) or the bundle (longitudinal survey). Differences in cross-sectional surveys with a longitudinal adlah on longitudinal surveys should menayakan the high school each time and see the changes every time.
• Determining the interview method
Interview method should be set before the polling is done, whether to use the direct interview method, by mail or by telephone interview. Pertimbanganya in selecting the method of interview is the time and kadalaman information on the need. Eg surveys of government policy on increasing the fuel we need to be able to choose the appropriate method of interview mengingit this is actual news, and will publish, by phone Polling is considered more effective and efficient to obtain the data as soon as possible on the appeal by mail surveys.
Tekni-sampling technique
• simple random sample
This sampling technique provides the same opportunity to every individual member to be selected in a population of students sampel.Contoh IAIN Sunan Ampel of 4000, every student has the opportunity to be the same sample that is 1 / 4000. If we take as a sample of 400 respondents, then the opportunity to be a respondent is 400/4000 = 1 / 10 this number is often called the sampling fraction.
There are two ways of taking a simple random sample. The first way is to mengundi.cara second is by using a random table.
Use of this method must meet the following requirements, must have the framework and the nature of the sample population kedaan homogeneous population and not too spread geographically.
• systematic random sample
Is a simpler way to taking a sample jikalayu available a list of population with a certain sequence. Systematic sampling is a method where only the first elements are selected randomly while the next element is selected systematically according to certain patterns. This method is in use when there are two circumstances: When the name of the individual in the population is included in the list of regular sehinnga unit-unit can be given a series number, and when populations have patterns of uniform, such as alphabet letters and so forth. How to use this sample as follows: for example, a rudimentary in this population is N, and the large sample to be taken is N, then the results of the sampling interval dinaakan given the usual code K, the first element in the sample selected randomly ago among individual series bernomer 1, and K bernomer unit of the population. You are the chosen individuals bernomer series S, then the next element in the sample can be determined, namely:
Sample first: S
Sample to two: S + K
Sample to three: S + 2K and beyond
Interval is inverse ratio of the sample ie the ratio of the sample for 300 samples is 300/900 (a population) = 0.3 (33%). Sampling interval is 900/300 = 3.
• a random sample stratification proposional
Sampling is used when a heterogeneous population, to describe the exact nature of the population is heterogeneous, the population must first bersamgkutan in layers (strata) and a uniform layer of the new scara random sample is taken, there are three conditions when the road is taken namely:
1 have clear criteria that is used as the basis for this menstratifikasi population dalm layers.
2 must have preliminary data on the population strata.
3 must be precisely known number of elementary-unit of each layer (strata) in the population.
• a random sample statifikasi not proposional
The sample is almost the same as the proportional difference lies in the strata in the sample is not the same as the strata in the population. Could be presented more in the strata, while in other strata of the sample presented kurang.tehknik this if we use one of the number of strata is very small (a little) so that when the strata proportionally, there are not represented in the sample. Many of the amount of the proportion of the population is not balanced strata where a large amount of strata and the other is very small. As according to the military, civil servants etc. eleson.
• The sample cluster
There are two circumstances in which the sample is used the first cluster, region or the area largest sample so that the very wide framework for preparing the sample very difficult, and the two researchers did not have a good sample of the population or if there is a cost that made sanagt expensive. Cluster sample has advantages in terms of efficiency, especially to save cost and time, but this is followed by the accuracy of the sample is lower than the random system.
• Sample cluster proposional
Assumptions used in the sampling of each cluster is a cluster has elements (individuals) and the same number of homogennya, when, in reality, not so oada. For example we will create a sample of villages, the villages that have a harmonious Locals 60 and the other only had peaceful citizens, the researchers must make a treatment or the probability that ratio balanced sampling.
To overcome this there is the development of a method known as cluster probability proportionate to size (PPS). With this sample pemaakaian Residents have the same opportunity to choose the respondents.
non-probability sample
In this sample does not need to have a sample, but easy to do cause distortion, so that the degree of diversity can not be obtained. Even if the non-probability sample used must be forced to set strict conditions, namely when the probability sample is used hard.
8 sample konvenien / Accidental sampling
This sample can be described as a television journalist to the road with a camera and interviewed beeberapa people who met in the street.
8 quota sample
This is from the sample improvements konvenien, researchers mengidentivikasi step is akategori first or characteristics of the sample of people (men-women, high education-low) and so on.
8 purposively / judgment sampling
sample is used in special situations / include samples of khusus.disisni researchers make judgment select respondents in accordance with the objectives of the polls. Sample is used in two circumstances, namely:
- Select cases in order to obtain specific information, such as how we want to know the students thinking about political reform, which entered the sample is pre-activist students.
- Because the sample is very specific because of the theme is also very specific, so that the sample can not be such as to create a Poll about AIDS, the target population is the WTS Surabaya.
Population size does not determine
The large sample size does not guarantee the accuracy of the surveys have been conducted. Although there are adigum that the head of every opinion there is different. If there are 100 head of 100 means there is opinion, but the statement was about the number of samples can be drawings of 100 people earlier
Then N = (pxq). Z
E
Where: N: Number of samples needed
(pxq): Variations on the proportion of the population
Z: the size of the trust level
E: Sampling error
Determine the sampling error
To calculate the sampling error that is very easy to multiply the value with standard error nilaiz at the level of trust in the will
And to calculate the standard error
Standard error = √ proportion against the mendukungxproporsi
Total sample
Tehknik formulate questions
the desired results from the Poll is accurate or precise, and it depends on the kredebilitas sample. And that can be achieved if both kuisioner used. And it is supported with a question of good and quality, as formulated question itself is subjective from the objective. Kuisioner or questions prises is a creative, half art and half the other scientific.
A question is a tool in measuring Poll, someone can find out opinions, reasons, desires, and the value of keyakunan questions, however all the concepts and methods terancang well, not akan berguana question if we do not understand and can not be understood, however because it will be affect the answers.
How?
- Create a perspective (frame) of an issue.
When creating Poll, the need to find a perspective from a problem that will be asked. Perspective is taken because so ragamnya-dimensional issues that arise, so we create a frame in the Poll, which later will be more focused in the issues that we akan viewfinder. There are several criteria in the zero frame that appears in the issue.
- Create a keyword in the formulation of questions to make
Often in the words forming a question often be deciphered by different respondents, this problem often appears when there is a word of emphasis tertentuuntuk emphasize Poll question of the articulation, for example;
A form of
1. Do you support the addition of a constitution in order to prevent the U.S. president for his third time:
Yes: 36%
No: 50%
Not answered: 14%
Form B
1. Do you support a constitutional change to prevent the U.S. president for his third time:
Yes: 26%
No: 60%
No reply: 9%
- Formulating a personal question or formal
formal questions put respondents seems as observer
questions involving the respondents in the personal problems
question A form of personal me
1. Do you have life insurance that will pay you with a certain amount each month to the hospital you need in the future. Are you caring for you, so you may prefer it, or how you like to pay more directly to the hospital when you are sick?
Prefer ansuransi: 66%
Pay at the time of illness: 28%
No reply: 6%
Form B
1. Many people who have diverse life with ansurasi pay a certain amount each month in the hospital is needed in the future. Are you the idea this is good or bad idea?.
Good idea: 92%
Bad idea: 4%
No reply: 4%
3. Establish a diverse selection
In surveys, it became the biggest difficulty, is to make the question in question is closed. If you use open questions, the respondents can answer the question without being restricted by the question. Unlike the closed question, respondents are limited to the question of the alternative answers provided.
4. Determine the question which of precedence.
Art ask the others in this case the question is determining which take precedence in making questions to the respondents.
A form of
1. Do you think taxes are very high at this time or are already good enough?
Very high: 31%
Already sukup good: 43%
Very low: 1%
Not answered: 25%
Form B
1. Do you think tax at this time is quite good, or very high?
Very high: 31%
Already sukup good: 41%
Very low: 1%
Not answered: 27%
5. Create additional information in question.
Arts need to ask is not to provide additional information on the issue asked. There is no information and can affect the answers, especially for respondents who have not previously heard or knew about the issue.
A form of
1. Many people think, after the Russian, British, must now be against Germany, and is not necessary for our country to help the UK. Do you agree or disagree with this statement:
Agree: 20%
Disagree: 72%
No reply: 8%
Form B
1. Many people think, after the defeat against Germany in a few weeks, now exert full strength against the British. This is a good time for us to help the UK. Do you agree or disagree with this statement:
Agree: 71%
Disagree: 19%
Not answered: 10%
6. Create alternative answers that question in a neutral
Art ask the others in making closed-format question is how menyususn format that answers adapat collect diversity of respondents.
A form of
1. In response to political issues that have at this time, whether you're in the position of liberal or conservative?
Liberal: 31%
Conservative: 44.4%
Both middle-Ditegah: 16.2%
Do not know: 6.3%
Form B
1. In response to political issues that have at this time, whether you're in the position of liberal or conservative, or in the middle of both?
Liberal: 16.9%
Conservative: 24.5%
Both middle-Ditegah: 53.7%
Do not know: 4.8%
How good is the question?
• Avoiding bias in the question.
Example:
Error CONSTRUCTION
• denigrate one side
Whether the police have to prohibit the demonstration by students outside the campus?
Comment: This shows only one side of an issue that encourage respondents to leaning on the alternative in tonjolkan
Whether the police should prohibit or allow the student demonstration outside the campus
• Eliminate the name
At the head of the general election PBNU, who value your right to lead the NU, Abdurrahman Wahid or the other candidate
Comment: This question is not comparable because the alternative name in question Abdurrahman Wahid and the beautiful gray, which is between them, the value of your right to lead NU
• Avoid questions which means ganda
Some, all, and, worse, can, never, participate in, or less, such as.
And there are some questions which means ganda
Incomplete, such as whether you participate in the election?
Not appropriate, such as whether you subscribe to newspapers and magazines?
Places that are not clear, as many voters of this area?
Example:
1. Approximately. "approximately" are often used to show the value that is close to the value that is close to the actual value. For example, 48% often written "about after." The problem is the distance value so that we can use the word "approximately". In this example, the value of 52% can not written "about half" but "more than half."
2. Bad. The "bad" or "good" can be confusing, especially when the respondents related to the theme or topic that polls kontraversial difficult votes that good or bad. In the event of such respondents tend to answer the sekenanya. For example in the question, "if you escape to foreign funds is an act of bad or good?"
3. Able. The word "can" often dibingungkan with the word "should", "could", or "may." For example in the question, "according to whether you, the student can demonstration outside the campus?" the word "may" in question is confusing, what means may, might, or should be in the demonstration outside the campus.
• Avoiding the Question not be understood
Use of technical words / terms
Use of abbreviations
Double negative
Pseudo relationship
Crinkle crinkle
Example:
Error CONSTRUCTION
• Use of technical words.
Copyright are currently in Indonesia is valued?
Comment: in a word or select a term, you should use simple words, avoid technical terms that have not necessarily understood by all respondents are copyright in Indonesia is valued at this time?
• Use of abbreviations.
Do you agree with the akan DPKNPH formed by the government?
Comment: when the abbreviation is not careful can cause confusion respondents. Researchers must consider whether the abbreviation used by the respondents. Do you agree with the board of The resilience of the national law enforcement and the government will be formed?
PHASE ANALYSIS DATA POLLING:
After the interview data collected, start the analysis of polling data. The first step is to describe your findings with surveys descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics used to organize and summarize numerical data obtained from the results of collecting data in the form of tabulation of data, the percentage of that realized in the graphic or picture, and calculation-calculation can be so descriptive characteristics of the data.
DISTRIBUTION frequency
The major part of descriptive statistics is the creation or distribution of the frequency marginal of the describe your answers to each question or grains variable in perangakt data. There are several ways served frequency distribution table.
Example:
From 1303 people, 863 to support development plans PLTN Muria, greater than 440, the number of those who oppose development PLTN Muria. Generally more effective to present the findings in the form of percentage. For example: the proportion who support the program in table 22.1 is (863/1.303) x100 = 66.2%. Against the proportion is (440/1.303) x10033, 8%. Table 22.2 illustrates the form of support and resistance in the percentage. Can be concluded that 2 / 3 of respondents support PLTN Muria. Number of cases (n) is always displayed below the percentage that make it easy for readers to check the polls.
Table 1.
Respondents' opinions on development plans before PLTN Muria diprosentasikan.
Do you support or oppose the government's plan to build PLTN Muria?
Support: 863
Against: 440
Total: 1303
Table 2.
Respondents' opinions on development plans PLTN Muria after diprosentasikan.
Do you support or oppose the government's plan to build PLTN Muria?
Support: 66.2%
Against: 33.8%
Total: 100%
Number of samples (n): 1303
Explain the relationship
Results univariat drawing data is usually not satisfactory and further raises the question. Analysis univariat only explain the findings, tidk can be used to describe a more complex relationship. So to explain this complex relationship that we need bivariat analysis in the form of a cross-tabulation.
Example of cross tabulation
Frequency: responses of respondents to the work of Komnas HAM according to education level
Assessment stages of education
Low Medium High Total
Already optimal (%) 11.3 18.7 70 100
Less than optimal (%) 23.6 48.1 28.3 100
Not optimal (%) 59.4 27.9 12.7 100
No reply (%) 35.6 42.2 22.2 100
In the percentage of the line, we have distribution darikelompok which answers come.
The precise language comes from the word meaning Precision accuracy, accuracy. The simple, precision journalism reportase is a model that uses quantitative methods of social research. That is, the issues, behavior and characteristics of the community, didekati using the method, converted in the numbers, and then analyzed with the conduct of polls, surveys, and content analysis (content analysis).
Journalism precision with the procedures of social research
Between precision journalism research have any similarity with the same review and study the human and social phenomena. Before using precision journalism we must understand the correct methods of social research. Because the "research question" who will be responsible journalism in precision must also be clearly based on empirical data and a strong jjelas not based on rumor, opinion, or buzz.
History of the emergence of precision journalism
Polling born dimedia is the first time in the push by the desire and needs of the media itself to provide a precision on the news readers. Eg, only report the results of the election results do not only rely on observation, interviews with voters, but must be in a sertai research. The concept of the research is not only done dalm social research but also in another topic and a different issue.
When indeed the concept of precision journalism appear? As a regular draft, precision journalism began in the 1970s, but in the United States, precision journalism was practiced 64 years ago. In the year 1935, Fortune Magazine has been publishing results of polls, the polls be trusted as the first made by a media organization. Themes that they lift the usual time-indifferent, for example, about what kind of American cigarettes is actually consumed by many Americans, and the types of cars such as the fact that what many people sought by the United States. Initially, the method used by the United States media is very simple. New in 1960 occurred perubahanpesubahan large --- more than one third of all American mass media to use this method - because the computer was able to conduct applied research so that data processing becomes easier.
Research in the United States mass media-which is the milestone milestone jumalisme precision is research done by the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1973, they designed a large study using 100,000 pieces of court records and files the treatment of prisoners in prison and found that differences in background social and ethnic appeared to affect their treatment in prison. In the same year began the paper published the book titled Philip Meyer: Precision Joumalism, A Reporter's Introduction to Social Research Methods (Indiana University Press, Bloomington). Until this book even now is still a standard reference manual for the precision journalism --- load because a good conceptual discussion about the use of this method. Meyer actually tend to use this method: the application of social science to the practice of journalism. But Everette E. Dennis, director of C) annett Center for Media Studies, Meyer suggested to call this with: Precision journalism. Since that time the name is commonly used.
In the United States, precision journalism was practiced 64 years ago. In the year 1935, Fortune Magazine has been publishing results of polls, the polls be trusted as the first made by a media organization. Themes that they lift the usual time-indifferent, for example, about what kind of American cigarettes is actually consumed by many Americans, and the types of cars such as the fact that what many people sought by the United States. Initially, the method used by the United States media is very simple. New in 1960 occurred perubahanpesubahan large --- more than one third of all American mass media to use this method - because the computer was able to conduct applied research so that data processing becomes easier.
Research in the United States mass media-which is the milestone milestone jumalisme precision is research done by the Philadelphia Inquirer in 1973, they designed a large study using 100,000 pieces of court records and files the treatment of prisoners in prison and found that differences in background social and ethnic appeared to affect their treatment in prison. In the same year began the paper published the book titled Philip Meyer: Precision Joumalism, A Reporter's Introduction to Social Research Methods (Indiana University Press, Bloomington). Until this book even now is still a standard reference manual for the precision journalism --- load because a good conceptual discussion about the use of this method. Meyer actually tend to use this method: the application of social science to the practice of journalism. But Everette E. Dennis, director of C) annett Center for Media Studies, Meyer suggested to call this with: Precision journalism. Since that time the name is commonly used.
There are some important point about the development of precision journalism in indonesia
First, the emergence of private institutions in the current of indonesia is still very new, so not one dasarwarsa implementation of surveys / polls for the institutions that are considered as msih test cobaftes / learning opportunities
Second, because it is still seen as an opportunity to learn this is only a few institutions only poll that the media truly capable in the sense that the research methodology in implementing the correct opinions Rock.
Third, there is no indonesia in the polls that the institution conducting the research with the sample all the people indonesia. In addition to limited funds the design of the sampling frame is not longer supported in the community culture that is closed and can not discuss in open-choice pilihanya. Guarantee the confidentiality of the institution pendapatpun Rock still does not catch.
Journalism precision at this time is expected able to stave necrosis conventional journalism, which only rely reportase through observation and interviews. Journalism precision is expected to bring fresh wind in reportase techniques that have been adfa used in conventional journalism
Object precision journalism
Objects in precision journalism is all the symptoms of the actual social and involve many people, whether visible or not visible. Eg symptoms such as cases of pillage social, poverty, abortion, adolescent mischief and so forth
Characteristics of precision journalism
Journalism is not the precision of the peak in the world of journalism that will replace all of the methods of journalism ever. He was only just complete. He was only appointed in a different way of approach to the world. There is no method of journalism that is higher than the other. In fact, methods such as journalism is what we will use in writing the news is very much dependent of the purpose of what we are tired of writing news. For example, we will aim to write and to disassemble the case of Bank Bali smuggling or plywood in the Tanjung Priok port, then we must use the method investigatif journalism. If we only aim to report an event or seminar international road vote in a village A, for example, we simply use the normal method of conventional journalism. But if we want to know the attitude of people in a population of a particular government policy-for example, with quantitative data -, then we can use the polls.
Model approach to conventional journalism:
Reality ---> Individuals ---> Description Verbal ---> symbolic meaning / Qualitative ---> Social Facts
Model approach to precision journalism
Reality -> Groups -> Description --- Statistics> Statistics-quantitative meaning ---> Social Facts
. The difference between precision jumalisme with social research is usually on the end product. News is a result of the end of the precision journalism. Meanwhile, a book or research report is the result of the end of the normal social research. That is, precision jumalisme made to meet the needs of the wider public. In the process of working pliing have two phases, the first phase of research workers at the polls must comply with the rule-rule scientific, but at the second stage of the poll workers should be subject to the rule-principle journalism. So the results should be written akhirpun model-adjusted and simple language that is clear-that is easier to understand.
Methods in precision journalism
There are three methods in use in precision journalism, namely: Content analysis, survey researh (surveys / polls), Field experiment (field research).
Content analysis method using the documents, records, recordings, or other important files as material analysis. An example of this method is done by the Charloote Observer manganalisa data keumgan election campaign and found a strong correlation between the legislative members of the select and fund a campaign contributor. While the survey method researh using human / community as the analysis. As an example of this method miaslnya poll conducted by LP3ES to analyze trends in public indonesia choose Islamic parties in the election of 1999 blackmail or litbag the poll conducted for the community response on the phone or device and the increase rate of fuel price. Method of Third Field experiment (field research) in this method the researchers conducted research by visiting the places in which akan carefully. Eg, Reader's Digest magazine in 1939 conducted research with the hammering of repairing the clock, radio, and electronic equipment in other important cities in the U.S. and find the fact that more than 50% of the repair has been making the wrong diagnosis. This method is less popular in both conducted indonesia and overseas.
From the three methods mentioned above only the second method of survey research is often in use in precision journalism. This is because in sebabkan access to public documents that the institution in indonesia is very difficult so penilitaian who rely on the completeness of the documents is not possible. Therefore the discussion in this guidance material on methods that emphasize on both the survey research / polling.
Phase-phase polls
The initial stage of all activities is to create a framework of reference / reference framework and the stages in this use as a basis for implementation of activities. Aada several phases that need to be doing in the polls:
• Defining the purpose of polling
Critical issues in the polls is formulated with a precise goal that we biat polls. A goal that we apply this in the end will determine all the instruments in use surveys: The target population, type of informant, the interview and the interview method. Objectives must be formulated before polling polling is done.
• Determine the population surveys
Population surveys in tentrukan by topic and purpose of the surveys will be made. For example we want to know how mastarakat with the implementation of the election, the pupulasi relevant constituency election adfalah
• Determine sampling technique
Sampling techniques to be used at specified polling done before. Better if in a sample framework in order to more easily determine the sample.
Table to make it easier to create a sample frame
• Determine the type of information
In determining the type of informants we must plan the exact types of questions. Are we to measure the attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, or behavior. For example we want to measure the behavior of abortion, then we must focus pertayaan around abortion behavior.
• Determine the time the interview
Design surveys also mempertimangkan whether polls should be made for all the time (cross-sectional survey) or the bundle (longitudinal survey). Differences in cross-sectional surveys with a longitudinal adlah on longitudinal surveys should menayakan the high school each time and see the changes every time.
• Determining the interview method
Interview method should be set before the polling is done, whether to use the direct interview method, by mail or by telephone interview. Pertimbanganya in selecting the method of interview is the time and kadalaman information on the need. Eg surveys of government policy on increasing the fuel we need to be able to choose the appropriate method of interview mengingit this is actual news, and will publish, by phone Polling is considered more effective and efficient to obtain the data as soon as possible on the appeal by mail surveys.
Tekni-sampling technique
• simple random sample
This sampling technique provides the same opportunity to every individual member to be selected in a population of students sampel.Contoh IAIN Sunan Ampel of 4000, every student has the opportunity to be the same sample that is 1 / 4000. If we take as a sample of 400 respondents, then the opportunity to be a respondent is 400/4000 = 1 / 10 this number is often called the sampling fraction.
There are two ways of taking a simple random sample. The first way is to mengundi.cara second is by using a random table.
Use of this method must meet the following requirements, must have the framework and the nature of the sample population kedaan homogeneous population and not too spread geographically.
• systematic random sample
Is a simpler way to taking a sample jikalayu available a list of population with a certain sequence. Systematic sampling is a method where only the first elements are selected randomly while the next element is selected systematically according to certain patterns. This method is in use when there are two circumstances: When the name of the individual in the population is included in the list of regular sehinnga unit-unit can be given a series number, and when populations have patterns of uniform, such as alphabet letters and so forth. How to use this sample as follows: for example, a rudimentary in this population is N, and the large sample to be taken is N, then the results of the sampling interval dinaakan given the usual code K, the first element in the sample selected randomly ago among individual series bernomer 1, and K bernomer unit of the population. You are the chosen individuals bernomer series S, then the next element in the sample can be determined, namely:
Sample first: S
Sample to two: S + K
Sample to three: S + 2K and beyond
Interval is inverse ratio of the sample ie the ratio of the sample for 300 samples is 300/900 (a population) = 0.3 (33%). Sampling interval is 900/300 = 3.
• a random sample stratification proposional
Sampling is used when a heterogeneous population, to describe the exact nature of the population is heterogeneous, the population must first bersamgkutan in layers (strata) and a uniform layer of the new scara random sample is taken, there are three conditions when the road is taken namely:
1 have clear criteria that is used as the basis for this menstratifikasi population dalm layers.
2 must have preliminary data on the population strata.
3 must be precisely known number of elementary-unit of each layer (strata) in the population.
• a random sample statifikasi not proposional
The sample is almost the same as the proportional difference lies in the strata in the sample is not the same as the strata in the population. Could be presented more in the strata, while in other strata of the sample presented kurang.tehknik this if we use one of the number of strata is very small (a little) so that when the strata proportionally, there are not represented in the sample. Many of the amount of the proportion of the population is not balanced strata where a large amount of strata and the other is very small. As according to the military, civil servants etc. eleson.
• The sample cluster
There are two circumstances in which the sample is used the first cluster, region or the area largest sample so that the very wide framework for preparing the sample very difficult, and the two researchers did not have a good sample of the population or if there is a cost that made sanagt expensive. Cluster sample has advantages in terms of efficiency, especially to save cost and time, but this is followed by the accuracy of the sample is lower than the random system.
• Sample cluster proposional
Assumptions used in the sampling of each cluster is a cluster has elements (individuals) and the same number of homogennya, when, in reality, not so oada. For example we will create a sample of villages, the villages that have a harmonious Locals 60 and the other only had peaceful citizens, the researchers must make a treatment or the probability that ratio balanced sampling.
To overcome this there is the development of a method known as cluster probability proportionate to size (PPS). With this sample pemaakaian Residents have the same opportunity to choose the respondents.
non-probability sample
In this sample does not need to have a sample, but easy to do cause distortion, so that the degree of diversity can not be obtained. Even if the non-probability sample used must be forced to set strict conditions, namely when the probability sample is used hard.
8 sample konvenien / Accidental sampling
This sample can be described as a television journalist to the road with a camera and interviewed beeberapa people who met in the street.
8 quota sample
This is from the sample improvements konvenien, researchers mengidentivikasi step is akategori first or characteristics of the sample of people (men-women, high education-low) and so on.
8 purposively / judgment sampling
sample is used in special situations / include samples of khusus.disisni researchers make judgment select respondents in accordance with the objectives of the polls. Sample is used in two circumstances, namely:
- Select cases in order to obtain specific information, such as how we want to know the students thinking about political reform, which entered the sample is pre-activist students.
- Because the sample is very specific because of the theme is also very specific, so that the sample can not be such as to create a Poll about AIDS, the target population is the WTS Surabaya.
Population size does not determine
The large sample size does not guarantee the accuracy of the surveys have been conducted. Although there are adigum that the head of every opinion there is different. If there are 100 head of 100 means there is opinion, but the statement was about the number of samples can be drawings of 100 people earlier
Then N = (pxq). Z
E
Where: N: Number of samples needed
(pxq): Variations on the proportion of the population
Z: the size of the trust level
E: Sampling error
Determine the sampling error
To calculate the sampling error that is very easy to multiply the value with standard error nilaiz at the level of trust in the will
And to calculate the standard error
Standard error = √ proportion against the mendukungxproporsi
Total sample
Tehknik formulate questions
the desired results from the Poll is accurate or precise, and it depends on the kredebilitas sample. And that can be achieved if both kuisioner used. And it is supported with a question of good and quality, as formulated question itself is subjective from the objective. Kuisioner or questions prises is a creative, half art and half the other scientific.
A question is a tool in measuring Poll, someone can find out opinions, reasons, desires, and the value of keyakunan questions, however all the concepts and methods terancang well, not akan berguana question if we do not understand and can not be understood, however because it will be affect the answers.
How?
- Create a perspective (frame) of an issue.
When creating Poll, the need to find a perspective from a problem that will be asked. Perspective is taken because so ragamnya-dimensional issues that arise, so we create a frame in the Poll, which later will be more focused in the issues that we akan viewfinder. There are several criteria in the zero frame that appears in the issue.
- Create a keyword in the formulation of questions to make
Often in the words forming a question often be deciphered by different respondents, this problem often appears when there is a word of emphasis tertentuuntuk emphasize Poll question of the articulation, for example;
A form of
1. Do you support the addition of a constitution in order to prevent the U.S. president for his third time:
Yes: 36%
No: 50%
Not answered: 14%
Form B
1. Do you support a constitutional change to prevent the U.S. president for his third time:
Yes: 26%
No: 60%
No reply: 9%
- Formulating a personal question or formal
formal questions put respondents seems as observer
questions involving the respondents in the personal problems
question A form of personal me
1. Do you have life insurance that will pay you with a certain amount each month to the hospital you need in the future. Are you caring for you, so you may prefer it, or how you like to pay more directly to the hospital when you are sick?
Prefer ansuransi: 66%
Pay at the time of illness: 28%
No reply: 6%
Form B
1. Many people who have diverse life with ansurasi pay a certain amount each month in the hospital is needed in the future. Are you the idea this is good or bad idea?.
Good idea: 92%
Bad idea: 4%
No reply: 4%
3. Establish a diverse selection
In surveys, it became the biggest difficulty, is to make the question in question is closed. If you use open questions, the respondents can answer the question without being restricted by the question. Unlike the closed question, respondents are limited to the question of the alternative answers provided.
4. Determine the question which of precedence.
Art ask the others in this case the question is determining which take precedence in making questions to the respondents.
A form of
1. Do you think taxes are very high at this time or are already good enough?
Very high: 31%
Already sukup good: 43%
Very low: 1%
Not answered: 25%
Form B
1. Do you think tax at this time is quite good, or very high?
Very high: 31%
Already sukup good: 41%
Very low: 1%
Not answered: 27%
5. Create additional information in question.
Arts need to ask is not to provide additional information on the issue asked. There is no information and can affect the answers, especially for respondents who have not previously heard or knew about the issue.
A form of
1. Many people think, after the Russian, British, must now be against Germany, and is not necessary for our country to help the UK. Do you agree or disagree with this statement:
Agree: 20%
Disagree: 72%
No reply: 8%
Form B
1. Many people think, after the defeat against Germany in a few weeks, now exert full strength against the British. This is a good time for us to help the UK. Do you agree or disagree with this statement:
Agree: 71%
Disagree: 19%
Not answered: 10%
6. Create alternative answers that question in a neutral
Art ask the others in making closed-format question is how menyususn format that answers adapat collect diversity of respondents.
A form of
1. In response to political issues that have at this time, whether you're in the position of liberal or conservative?
Liberal: 31%
Conservative: 44.4%
Both middle-Ditegah: 16.2%
Do not know: 6.3%
Form B
1. In response to political issues that have at this time, whether you're in the position of liberal or conservative, or in the middle of both?
Liberal: 16.9%
Conservative: 24.5%
Both middle-Ditegah: 53.7%
Do not know: 4.8%
How good is the question?
• Avoiding bias in the question.
Example:
Error CONSTRUCTION
• denigrate one side
Whether the police have to prohibit the demonstration by students outside the campus?
Comment: This shows only one side of an issue that encourage respondents to leaning on the alternative in tonjolkan
Whether the police should prohibit or allow the student demonstration outside the campus
• Eliminate the name
At the head of the general election PBNU, who value your right to lead the NU, Abdurrahman Wahid or the other candidate
Comment: This question is not comparable because the alternative name in question Abdurrahman Wahid and the beautiful gray, which is between them, the value of your right to lead NU
• Avoid questions which means ganda
Some, all, and, worse, can, never, participate in, or less, such as.
And there are some questions which means ganda
Incomplete, such as whether you participate in the election?
Not appropriate, such as whether you subscribe to newspapers and magazines?
Places that are not clear, as many voters of this area?
Example:
1. Approximately. "approximately" are often used to show the value that is close to the value that is close to the actual value. For example, 48% often written "about after." The problem is the distance value so that we can use the word "approximately". In this example, the value of 52% can not written "about half" but "more than half."
2. Bad. The "bad" or "good" can be confusing, especially when the respondents related to the theme or topic that polls kontraversial difficult votes that good or bad. In the event of such respondents tend to answer the sekenanya. For example in the question, "if you escape to foreign funds is an act of bad or good?"
3. Able. The word "can" often dibingungkan with the word "should", "could", or "may." For example in the question, "according to whether you, the student can demonstration outside the campus?" the word "may" in question is confusing, what means may, might, or should be in the demonstration outside the campus.
• Avoiding the Question not be understood
Use of technical words / terms
Use of abbreviations
Double negative
Pseudo relationship
Crinkle crinkle
Example:
Error CONSTRUCTION
• Use of technical words.
Copyright are currently in Indonesia is valued?
Comment: in a word or select a term, you should use simple words, avoid technical terms that have not necessarily understood by all respondents are copyright in Indonesia is valued at this time?
• Use of abbreviations.
Do you agree with the akan DPKNPH formed by the government?
Comment: when the abbreviation is not careful can cause confusion respondents. Researchers must consider whether the abbreviation used by the respondents. Do you agree with the board of The resilience of the national law enforcement and the government will be formed?
PHASE ANALYSIS DATA POLLING:
After the interview data collected, start the analysis of polling data. The first step is to describe your findings with surveys descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics used to organize and summarize numerical data obtained from the results of collecting data in the form of tabulation of data, the percentage of that realized in the graphic or picture, and calculation-calculation can be so descriptive characteristics of the data.
DISTRIBUTION frequency
The major part of descriptive statistics is the creation or distribution of the frequency marginal of the describe your answers to each question or grains variable in perangakt data. There are several ways served frequency distribution table.
Example:
From 1303 people, 863 to support development plans PLTN Muria, greater than 440, the number of those who oppose development PLTN Muria. Generally more effective to present the findings in the form of percentage. For example: the proportion who support the program in table 22.1 is (863/1.303) x100 = 66.2%. Against the proportion is (440/1.303) x10033, 8%. Table 22.2 illustrates the form of support and resistance in the percentage. Can be concluded that 2 / 3 of respondents support PLTN Muria. Number of cases (n) is always displayed below the percentage that make it easy for readers to check the polls.
Table 1.
Respondents' opinions on development plans before PLTN Muria diprosentasikan.
Do you support or oppose the government's plan to build PLTN Muria?
Support: 863
Against: 440
Total: 1303
Table 2.
Respondents' opinions on development plans PLTN Muria after diprosentasikan.
Do you support or oppose the government's plan to build PLTN Muria?
Support: 66.2%
Against: 33.8%
Total: 100%
Number of samples (n): 1303
Explain the relationship
Results univariat drawing data is usually not satisfactory and further raises the question. Analysis univariat only explain the findings, tidk can be used to describe a more complex relationship. So to explain this complex relationship that we need bivariat analysis in the form of a cross-tabulation.
Example of cross tabulation
Frequency: responses of respondents to the work of Komnas HAM according to education level
Assessment stages of education
Low Medium High Total
Already optimal (%) 11.3 18.7 70 100
Less than optimal (%) 23.6 48.1 28.3 100
Not optimal (%) 59.4 27.9 12.7 100
No reply (%) 35.6 42.2 22.2 100
In the percentage of the line, we have distribution darikelompok which answers come.
CHARACTERISTICS Tafsir AL MATURIDI
A commentary in the paper entitled Ta'willat AHL al Sunnah or more often called Ta'willat al Qur'an is a book of tafsir high scientific value.
However, some set period, the name of al Maturidi not included in the alignment of the expert commentary (Tabaqat al Mufassirin).
Major cause of the scholars did not record his name is the first book of commentary on that until we are fully Jami 'al Bayan fi Tafsir al Qur'an of Ibn Jarir al Tabari (310/923 w.), which is the classic commentator on his life with histroris sezaman Maturidi al.
The characteristics of the dominant book Ta'willat AHL al Sunnah (al Qur'an Ta'willat)
Step pengkombinasian between resources and Naqli 'Aqli is ka-rakteristik most prominent among some ka-rakteristik found in the Tafsir al Maturidi.
Sources of proof Naqli include the Qur'an, Sunnah of the Prophet, the history of prophets, and the history tabi'in. While the proposition 'is the result of the diligence Aqli (pendayagunaan potential intellect).
Basis over the top two, not excessive when it is said that tafsir al Maturidi actually be Categorize as bi tafsir al Iastiwaj (the commentary between the bi tafsir al Ma'tur and Tafsir al Ra'y).
However, its Percentage Ra'y more quantitative look bigger than its ma'thur, as Tafsir al Maturidi tendency is to teologis discussion-a discussion that is identical with rational reasoning.
During the pe-nafsiran the Qur'an based on the hadith, al Maturidi often do not mention sanad hadith. Al Maturidi usually only use the expression-expression, such as Ma'nuwiya 'an al Nabiyy, Ma'ruwiya' an apostle of God, Kaqawlih Salla Allah, 'Alayhwasallam, Li Ma'ruwiya fi al khabar, Ma' al jaa fi fi khabar al dhukir khabar and others.
The reason for al Maturidi believe in at that time there have been other scholars-scholars who give special attention to the field of hadith, and even they have been successful melakukanya, such as Abu abd Allah Muhammad al Bukhari (w. 256/869).
Al Maturidi often mentioned the opinions of others, both the parallel and opposite each other with a pen-capable. Kecendrungan Therefore, the time the goods as a consequence of me-keteguhanya in megang principles tafsirnya about the differences between men-term basis and commentary ta'wil.
In tafsirnya al Maturidi involve science language as a tool in order to perform its task for me-nerangkan womb of the Holy Qur'an. He is not including the group mufassir oversimplification in the use of science language.
He implemented proportionally according to the purpose, so that in the discussion tafsiranya not found kebahasaan-depth discussion and in detail. In addition, he also rarely pro-Istishad (find footing argued) with lyric-lyric that is usually included in the analysis-analysis kebahasaan.
Al Maturidi use asbab an nuzul as a means to do the exegesis of the verses of the Qur'an. But he uses asbab an nuzul in certain limits because they do not want too tied to the asbab an nuzul, especially if associated with a Isra'illiyat stories that will not be kebenaranya. As do the majority of major, he also prefer the rule to apply Ibrah al General al Lafz bi la bi al Shabab Special (something that is used as a guide lafadh generality, not the specificity).
Al Maturidi including the type mufassir little narrate stories Isra'illiyat and very careful in the men-yikapinya. According to him, the pe-nyampaian stories that are not detailed in the Qur'an is enough for me to be evidence that the essay-nunjukkan prophethood of Muhammad is really coming from God.
Al Maturidi was a Mutakallimin (theologian) and mufassir up-to-utamakan in the middle of the road the difference in pen-can-madhab between madhab theology. Tawassut attitude (take the middle road) this is me-nempatkan madhab AHL al Sunnah wa al Jamaa'ah flow Maturidiyyah the moderate position that is not exstrim.
Al Maturidi sometimes revealed differences Qiro'ah only a glance, without detailed explanation. He does not always include the parties to be present when the source Qira'ah difference is Qira'ah. He does not always justify Qira'at all the kemukakan, but sometimes do tarijh (election or Qira'ah opinion against the most powerful), though without ever giving an assessment on the status of each Qira'ah the kemukakan in the commentary it.
Al Maturidi with the present tafsirnya in nuance Muqaran fiqh (fiqh comparison), tend to follow the Hanafi madhab in the Istinbathukum. The trend is very visible when the results of the law Istinbat al Maturidi dikomparasikan with Istinbat in-law who do group.
The discussion of the me-paragraph ngenai al Ahkam (verses of the law) is there in the commentary in al MAturidi the play is not quantitative. Istinbat law dilakukanya more focused on the revelations that are in-hadapinya course, does not develop with a length to the issues in Juz'iyah.
This is different from the Ahkam al Qur'an Tafsir of Abu Bakr al Razi al Jassas, so that is an obligation if the commentary made in reperentatif for reference for everyone who want to know more about legal issues in fiqh madzab Hanafi.q
Tafsir al Maturidi characteristics:
n.Mengkombinasikan between resources and Naqli 'Aqli.
n.Mempergunakan analysis kebahasaan proportionally.
n.Tidak too tied to the asbab an nuzul.
n.Berhati care to stories Isra'illiyat.
nMenjelaskan diversity Qira'ah.
n.Mengutamakan middle of the road the difference in opinion between madhab-madhab theology.
n.Mengikuti madhab Hanafi law in its Istinbat.
by: maharruddin, mufassirin IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya INDONESIA
However, some set period, the name of al Maturidi not included in the alignment of the expert commentary (Tabaqat al Mufassirin).
Major cause of the scholars did not record his name is the first book of commentary on that until we are fully Jami 'al Bayan fi Tafsir al Qur'an of Ibn Jarir al Tabari (310/923 w.), which is the classic commentator on his life with histroris sezaman Maturidi al.
The characteristics of the dominant book Ta'willat AHL al Sunnah (al Qur'an Ta'willat)
Step pengkombinasian between resources and Naqli 'Aqli is ka-rakteristik most prominent among some ka-rakteristik found in the Tafsir al Maturidi.
Sources of proof Naqli include the Qur'an, Sunnah of the Prophet, the history of prophets, and the history tabi'in. While the proposition 'is the result of the diligence Aqli (pendayagunaan potential intellect).
Basis over the top two, not excessive when it is said that tafsir al Maturidi actually be Categorize as bi tafsir al Iastiwaj (the commentary between the bi tafsir al Ma'tur and Tafsir al Ra'y).
However, its Percentage Ra'y more quantitative look bigger than its ma'thur, as Tafsir al Maturidi tendency is to teologis discussion-a discussion that is identical with rational reasoning.
During the pe-nafsiran the Qur'an based on the hadith, al Maturidi often do not mention sanad hadith. Al Maturidi usually only use the expression-expression, such as Ma'nuwiya 'an al Nabiyy, Ma'ruwiya' an apostle of God, Kaqawlih Salla Allah, 'Alayhwasallam, Li Ma'ruwiya fi al khabar, Ma' al jaa fi fi khabar al dhukir khabar and others.
The reason for al Maturidi believe in at that time there have been other scholars-scholars who give special attention to the field of hadith, and even they have been successful melakukanya, such as Abu abd Allah Muhammad al Bukhari (w. 256/869).
Al Maturidi often mentioned the opinions of others, both the parallel and opposite each other with a pen-capable. Kecendrungan Therefore, the time the goods as a consequence of me-keteguhanya in megang principles tafsirnya about the differences between men-term basis and commentary ta'wil.
In tafsirnya al Maturidi involve science language as a tool in order to perform its task for me-nerangkan womb of the Holy Qur'an. He is not including the group mufassir oversimplification in the use of science language.
He implemented proportionally according to the purpose, so that in the discussion tafsiranya not found kebahasaan-depth discussion and in detail. In addition, he also rarely pro-Istishad (find footing argued) with lyric-lyric that is usually included in the analysis-analysis kebahasaan.
Al Maturidi use asbab an nuzul as a means to do the exegesis of the verses of the Qur'an. But he uses asbab an nuzul in certain limits because they do not want too tied to the asbab an nuzul, especially if associated with a Isra'illiyat stories that will not be kebenaranya. As do the majority of major, he also prefer the rule to apply Ibrah al General al Lafz bi la bi al Shabab Special (something that is used as a guide lafadh generality, not the specificity).
Al Maturidi including the type mufassir little narrate stories Isra'illiyat and very careful in the men-yikapinya. According to him, the pe-nyampaian stories that are not detailed in the Qur'an is enough for me to be evidence that the essay-nunjukkan prophethood of Muhammad is really coming from God.
Al Maturidi was a Mutakallimin (theologian) and mufassir up-to-utamakan in the middle of the road the difference in pen-can-madhab between madhab theology. Tawassut attitude (take the middle road) this is me-nempatkan madhab AHL al Sunnah wa al Jamaa'ah flow Maturidiyyah the moderate position that is not exstrim.
Al Maturidi sometimes revealed differences Qiro'ah only a glance, without detailed explanation. He does not always include the parties to be present when the source Qira'ah difference is Qira'ah. He does not always justify Qira'at all the kemukakan, but sometimes do tarijh (election or Qira'ah opinion against the most powerful), though without ever giving an assessment on the status of each Qira'ah the kemukakan in the commentary it.
Al Maturidi with the present tafsirnya in nuance Muqaran fiqh (fiqh comparison), tend to follow the Hanafi madhab in the Istinbathukum. The trend is very visible when the results of the law Istinbat al Maturidi dikomparasikan with Istinbat in-law who do group.
The discussion of the me-paragraph ngenai al Ahkam (verses of the law) is there in the commentary in al MAturidi the play is not quantitative. Istinbat law dilakukanya more focused on the revelations that are in-hadapinya course, does not develop with a length to the issues in Juz'iyah.
This is different from the Ahkam al Qur'an Tafsir of Abu Bakr al Razi al Jassas, so that is an obligation if the commentary made in reperentatif for reference for everyone who want to know more about legal issues in fiqh madzab Hanafi.q
Tafsir al Maturidi characteristics:
n.Mengkombinasikan between resources and Naqli 'Aqli.
n.Mempergunakan analysis kebahasaan proportionally.
n.Tidak too tied to the asbab an nuzul.
n.Berhati care to stories Isra'illiyat.
nMenjelaskan diversity Qira'ah.
n.Mengutamakan middle of the road the difference in opinion between madhab-madhab theology.
n.Mengikuti madhab Hanafi law in its Istinbat.
by: maharruddin, mufassirin IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya INDONESIA
Tafsir History
Tafsir history
Indeed, during the life of Rasulullah S.A.W
Needs of the Qur'an Tafsir
not felt so, because when the friends do not understand something or less verses of the Holy Qur'an, they can directly ask the Messenger of Allah. After he died, especially after the Islamic religious wings extend out Arab peninsula and entering the areas berkebudayaan long time, there were persinggungan between the Islamic religion that is still in the form of simplicity on the one hand, with a culture that had a long experience, the development of the power and fortitude in fighting the other party.
So, tampillah kepermukaan some friends and tabi'in presume to interpret the verses of the Qur'an which are general and global, according to the field boundaries berijtihat for Muslims.
Tafsir Al Qur'an developed following the rhythm of time and meet human needs in a generation. Each period and the generation of Tafsir Tafsir al-Qur'an according to the needs and purposes with the generation that does not deviate from the provisions of Islam itself. Decompose in the development of the scriptures and science tafsir tafsir can be divided into 3 periods: 1. Mutaqaddimin period, 2. Mutaakhirin period, 3. New Period.
1st Period Mutaqaddimin (the Companions, tabi'in, tabi'it)
Al Qur'anul generous derived in arab language, so in general people can understand the arab and understand it easily. The friends are the people who know and understand the verses of the Qur'an. But the friends that have their own levels that vary among the causes of the discrepancies in levels is:
a. Even if the friends are arab and arab speaking, but the knowledge of the language arab different, as different knowledge of the literature about the arab, arab-style language, customs and literature arab jahiliyah, words that are in Al Qur'an, and so forth, so that levels nereka in understanding the verses of the Koran is different also.
b. There are friends who often accompany the Prophet, and many know the causes are the verses of the Holy Qur'an was revealed, and some are rarely accompanies him. While knowledge about asbab an nuzul is necessary in the commentary.
c. Differences in the levels of knowledge about customs, words and deeds of of Ignorance. The friends who know the Hajj in the jahiliyah akan better understand the verses of the Qur'an related to the Hajj in the appeal to the friends who know less.
d. Differences in the level of knowledge by the Jews and Christians in the Arab peninsula, at the time a verse of the Holy Qur'an was revealed. For a verse is revealed there is related to the denial or refutation of the deeds of the Jews and the Christians, will better understand the verses, compared with the do not know.
- Expert commentary on this period
At the time of caliph some famous interpreter of the Qur'an are considered including the fourth khulafaur rasidin own, namely Abu bakar ash Shiddiq, Umar bin Khathab, Utsman bin Affan and Ali bin Abi Talib. Friends who take the most of it is history: Ali bin Abi Talib, Abdullah bin Abbas, Abdullah bin Mas'u and Ubbay bin Ta'ab. That take less of it is history: Tsabit bin Zaid, Abu Musa al Asy'ary, Abdullah bin Al-Zubair and friends the other.
The tabi'in who narrate many of Ibn Abbas who is famous Mujahid, 'Arha' bin Rabbah, 'Ikrinah and Sa'id bin Jubair, all students are Ibn Abbas himself.
Mujahid is the person who gets the trust from the hadith experts. Syafi'ie the imam, Bukhari and priests who take a lot of others on it. In addition there are also people who mengkritiknya because experts often deal with the book, but the critics did not reduce his value.
Similarly as' Atha 'bin Rabbah and Sa'id bin Jubair. The 'Ikrimah many people take the history of it. He comes from the barbarian tribes in North Africa, and former slave of Ibn Abbas and then after he merdekakan in, directly act on beliau.Terkadang Ibn Abbas also take a history from the 'Ikrimah.
Among the many tabi'in who narrate from Abdullah bin Mas'ud bin Masruq is Ajda ', a trust for the zuhud, the descendants of Arab children of Han and then Qatadah bin Di'aamah, an Arab who dwells in Basra. Qatadah just some expert commentary objections he received a history related dengaan Qadha and Qadar.
At this period not found Scripture commentary, except the Book commentary written by the last of them, namely those who find the tabi'in, tabi'it. As Mujahid (w. year 104 H) and others. The author's famous commentary on the period that is Al Waqidi (w. 207 H), after that Ibn Jarier Athtbary (w. 310 H). Tafsir Ibn Jarier commentary mutaqaddimin is the most large and to the generation of now, his name is Jaami'ul Bayaan. The interpreter who then come and take a lot of quoted material from Tafsir Ibn Jarier this.
2. Mutaakhirin period (4 th century - 12 H)
Expert commentary not only cite the history of the Companions, tabi'in and tabi'it tabi'in course, but has started to work, investigate, examine and compare what has been done by those who advance them.
Not only to such course, even the commentator has interpreted the language in terms of style, beauty of language, grammar, in addition to process and interpret the verses of the Koran in accordance with the knowledge that they have. Because the books are a commentary and be reviewed from a variety of terms, namely:
a. Group to review and interpret the Qur'an in terms of style and beauty of language to language. Az is the sort Zamakhsyari in tafsirnya Al Kasysyaaf, followed by Baidhawy.
b. Golangan who review and interpret the Qur'an in terms of grammar, sometimes using poetic lyric-Arab mengkokohkan for their opinions, seprti Az Zajjad in tafsirnya Ma'aamil Qur'an: Al Waahadi in tafsirnya: Al Basith: Abu Muhammad Hayyam bin Yussuf al Andalusi in tafsirnya: Al Bahrul Muhith.
c. The drip of beratkan discussion in terms of stories and the stories of including news and stories that came from the Jews and Christians, and even peanut-off comes from the heretic who want to destroy Islam. In a commentary such as this is necessary research and review by the Muslims themselves. Interpret the above characteristics is Ats Tsa'labi, then 'Alaaudin bin Muhammad al Baghdadi (w. 741 H): Tafsir al Khaazin also included in this group.
d. The interpretation of the verses related to the law: the laws set fiqih. Interpretation that this was done by al Qurthuby with tafsirnya: Jami 'Ahkaamul Qur'an: Ibnul Araby with tafsirnya: Ahkaamul Qur'an, Hasan Khan Shiddiq with tafsirnya: Nailul Maram.
e. Group who interprets verses of the Qur'an related to the nature of God. Verses that seemingly contrary to the nature and height of God's holiness. Then, with the interpretation that the teranglah verses that indeed it is not the opposite. Famous exponent of the verses above is the Imam Ar Razy (w. 610 H) with tafsirnya: Mafa'tihul supernatural.
f. The drip of beratkan penafsirannya to hint hint Al-Quran-related science and mysticism tashawwuf, such as commentary: At Tashuri, the order of Abu Muhammad Sahl bin Abdullah al Tashuri.
g. The only talk about the Koran lafadh the gharib (a word rarely used in day-to-day), as the book Mu'jam Gharibi Qur'an, Muhammad Fuad Abdul piece Baaqi from shaheh Bukhari.
3. New Period
This period can be said began in late 19th century until now, terkenallah the modernization of Islam in Egypt by Islamic figures. For example Jamaluddin al Afgani sheik and his disciple Muhammad Abduh. In Pakistan and in India by Ahmad Khan dipelopori.
Modernization is a movement not only in Egypt and Pakistan, but also has been spreading in Indonesia, the HOS dipelopori by Cokroaminoto with Syarikat Islamnya, and KH. Ahmad Dahlan with Muhammadiyah and KH. Hasyim Asy'ary popular with Jam'iyah Nahdlatul Ulama (NU).
Moder commentary follows the struggle of the mind and the way Muslims sebelunya, as well as the Tafsir al Manar Said Rasyid vditulis Ridha, commentary Mahaasinut ta'wil order sheik Jamaluddin al Qatimi, commentary Thanthawi expert commentary and the other the appropriate development of the age.
*) Maharruddin single count: Mahaiswa the Tafsir Hadits 03 '
and vice chairman of Himpunan Mahasiswa Jurusan TH
BETWEEN MUSIC, alcohol and DRUGS
According to The World Almanac And
Book of Facts (1997), have recorded
40 famous musicians in the United States and the UK who died in vain because the drug addict overdosis, such as the legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix and Sid Vicious (Sex Pistols). In addition, there are nine who died from excess alcohol menenggak, such as two famous timpanist John Bonham (Led Zeplin) and Keith Moon (The Who).
According to some analysis, drug addict musician who consume alcohol and their age is not so long. Sid Vicious, punk music pioneer Sex Pistols cover age and leave the penggemarnya, when still aged 21 years, as most menenggak drug addict in 1979. accident, in September a month that people always remember the music world for the tragic death trap behind the musicians. Date 18 September 1970, Hendrix guitarist "kondank" died due to excess drug addict in the age of 27 years.
25th September 1980, John Bonham drumer (Led Zeplin) found not a soul has been consumed as a result of drunken muntahannya own weight of alcohol in the age of 34 years. Meanwhile, on 7 September 1978, Moon (The Who) also go from this mortal world because overdosis still a drug addict when 32 years old, also all know Tommy Bolin certainly a tragic death.
Music and the pemusiknya a carier that this overlooks menjalarkan outbreaks over the world, including Indonesia, which we are about. We still remember the cases of the bands involved drug problem. Slank personnel, some skuad BIP, and the death of former two groups emerald band. However, it seems they are still conscious and feel reluctant to pick up things this bad. We see Slank personnel who are "repentance" and BIP personnel who had created the song "I am fat again, ..." And some of the other examples.
Not surprising if one by one the victims fell as a result of alcohol and drug addict. Deplorable that they become a victim of that, there are some important names in the premature death due to alcohol drug addict atupun. In the case they still are on the level of creativity that is the potential to enrich the treasury world music. Death-the death fast of course only makes loss of the music industry in general, and the fans lost due to frustrating artis ago imitate nature bad. Do not do it!
Book of Facts (1997), have recorded
40 famous musicians in the United States and the UK who died in vain because the drug addict overdosis, such as the legendary guitarist Jimi Hendrix and Sid Vicious (Sex Pistols). In addition, there are nine who died from excess alcohol menenggak, such as two famous timpanist John Bonham (Led Zeplin) and Keith Moon (The Who).
According to some analysis, drug addict musician who consume alcohol and their age is not so long. Sid Vicious, punk music pioneer Sex Pistols cover age and leave the penggemarnya, when still aged 21 years, as most menenggak drug addict in 1979. accident, in September a month that people always remember the music world for the tragic death trap behind the musicians. Date 18 September 1970, Hendrix guitarist "kondank" died due to excess drug addict in the age of 27 years.
25th September 1980, John Bonham drumer (Led Zeplin) found not a soul has been consumed as a result of drunken muntahannya own weight of alcohol in the age of 34 years. Meanwhile, on 7 September 1978, Moon (The Who) also go from this mortal world because overdosis still a drug addict when 32 years old, also all know Tommy Bolin certainly a tragic death.
Music and the pemusiknya a carier that this overlooks menjalarkan outbreaks over the world, including Indonesia, which we are about. We still remember the cases of the bands involved drug problem. Slank personnel, some skuad BIP, and the death of former two groups emerald band. However, it seems they are still conscious and feel reluctant to pick up things this bad. We see Slank personnel who are "repentance" and BIP personnel who had created the song "I am fat again, ..." And some of the other examples.
Not surprising if one by one the victims fell as a result of alcohol and drug addict. Deplorable that they become a victim of that, there are some important names in the premature death due to alcohol drug addict atupun. In the case they still are on the level of creativity that is the potential to enrich the treasury world music. Death-the death fast of course only makes loss of the music industry in general, and the fans lost due to frustrating artis ago imitate nature bad. Do not do it!
no drugs, music, yes
music greeting ...
Alhamdulillah, with all your effort and energy and laborious mind that we spend, the Music Minor SME prime can be served on our readers. Only want to lift the spirit of music is Ushuludin media can we publish.
In this edition of Minor attempt to present the present anything new in the form of media and the transformation of information or good news in the world of music and especially the reality-the reality of society in general, multicultural.
Focus polecat that we want to discuss the drug problem or Drugs. Drug products that are used by medical science to keep out the pain, but now this be the original function has changed and disalah use. One of the music media that, according to some of the assumptions used as a tool to use drugs. In some countries, the United States and the UK for example, the glamorous life of the famous musician is not separated from the goods of this mengakinatkan addicted. Not only drugs and alcohol are involved in the life of a cigarette that night. The Beatles British band origin, in the era of 60-an menggebrak belantika rise with music called "antikemapanan movement." When The Beatles manyandang the noble title of pop music, with a reason to unleash creativity, the type of drug addict LSD is available everywhere and they also mengkonsumsinya.
last but not list, I hope readers can take advantage
Alhamdulillah, with all your effort and energy and laborious mind that we spend, the Music Minor SME prime can be served on our readers. Only want to lift the spirit of music is Ushuludin media can we publish.
In this edition of Minor attempt to present the present anything new in the form of media and the transformation of information or good news in the world of music and especially the reality-the reality of society in general, multicultural.
Focus polecat that we want to discuss the drug problem or Drugs. Drug products that are used by medical science to keep out the pain, but now this be the original function has changed and disalah use. One of the music media that, according to some of the assumptions used as a tool to use drugs. In some countries, the United States and the UK for example, the glamorous life of the famous musician is not separated from the goods of this mengakinatkan addicted. Not only drugs and alcohol are involved in the life of a cigarette that night. The Beatles British band origin, in the era of 60-an menggebrak belantika rise with music called "antikemapanan movement." When The Beatles manyandang the noble title of pop music, with a reason to unleash creativity, the type of drug addict LSD is available everywhere and they also mengkonsumsinya.
last but not list, I hope readers can take advantage
Dehydration Identity Music
Dehydration Identity Music
What is the period, the music is used as the media utter resistance and control of social reality. In the era of 60-many mainstream musicians use music to any channel aspirasinya. The Beatles, for example, with pentolan legendanya John Lenon bring the mission of the working class eksploisasi, taste aversion against racial, religious penolakanya against war, colonialism zamannya in a very minor for the critique.
Decade 60-an era that became the movement counter pelopori in the culture by the younger generation, represented by symbols of resistance The Beatles in the UK which can be simplified through a single word that is "anti kemapanan movement." Like others in New York, a style of Punk music, such as The Dom, The Fugs and again that the U.S. government drop the "CIA man" and "Kill for Peace", the longer the Fugs band known as the anti-social.
Over various examples abroad, how to with Indonesia? Iwan Fals figure, he uses music as a medium for criticism of state policy. With music Iwan try presenting the real condition of our nation's transparent and forthright. Authorities do not care for the polecat in the spirit and confidence to menyampikan what is seen. As the song lyrics in a letter representative of the people "should people Deputy merakyat, do not sleep when the council concerning the people."
Moment with the current condition of Elections, said that the democratic party for the people of Indonesia, positioned himself as the music. Playing songs "provocation" of the people to succeed and even the Election, the music can be used to make the people no longer matter and the political cuek in this beloved country.
We live how we use music now. Either as perpetrators or as music of the mad-akan lyric in a song lyric. Ideologinya and understand the music, the music will not be forever direkayasa and the right brain is in your head!
*)Pangeran Maharruddin* : Chairman of the SME Music Fak. Ushuluddin and
Koord. Institutions and conditions of the study situation (k2s)
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